Oxygen is an essential treatment for a range of common conditions yet equitable access has been a long-neglected element of health system planning for several reasons. It has complex delivery infrastructure, requires proper training for health workers and sustainable maintenance plans, and should be supported by sufficient budget.
Many of the tools and resources needed to overcome oxygen access barriers already exist across different global health and implementing organizations, manufacturers and suppliers, donors, and country governments. The Access to Oxygen (A2O2) Resource Library is a central place to host a comprehensive set of both global and country-specific tools, guidance, data, publications, policies, protocols, and advocacy resources for oxygen scale-up and long-term respiratory care planning. It is also the official home of all the resources and publications that informed The Lancet Global Health Commission on Medical Oxygen Security. Learn more.
We welcome your suggestions—if you have oxygen resources to submit, please use this submission form or contact us at oxygen@path.org.
Newly Added Resources
PulmO2 Concentrator
INFORMATION BRIEF | The PulmO2, 10L oxygen concentrator, is the world’s first concentrator designed to be energy efficient, resilient and robust, and adapted for clinical use in low-resource settings.
By: Sanrai International, Drive DeVilbiss
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Oxygen ecosystem planning
PulmO2 Concentrator
Author(s): Sanrai International, Drive DeVilbiss
The PulmO2, 10L oxygen concentrator, is the world’s first concentrator designed to be energy efficient, resilient and robust, and adapted for clinical use in low-resource settings.
Link to Resource
Categories
Resource Types
Intended Audience
Region or Global
Specific to COVID-19
No
Enhancing Neonatal Resuscitation Outcomes: Bridging Theory and Practice
JOURNAL PUBLICATION | This review published in the European Journal of Pediatrics examines the historical development of neonatal resuscitation guidelines from the mid-twentieth century to the present day.
By: Pankaj Soni, Manjunath Mallikarjuna Nagalli, Pankaj Soni, Manjunath Mallikarjuna Nagalli
Advocacy
Patient care
Enhancing Neonatal Resuscitation Outcomes: Bridging Theory and Practice
Author(s): Pankaj Soni, Manjunath Mallikarjuna Nagalli, Pankaj Soni, Manjunath Mallikarjuna Nagalli
Publication date: March 2025
This review published in the European Journal of Pediatrics examines the historical development of neonatal resuscitation guidelines from the mid-twentieth century to the present day.
Link to Resource
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Languages
Intended Audience
Region or Global
Specific to COVID-19
No
Race and the Inaccuracy of Pulse Oximetry With Hypoxemia in a Pediatric Cardiac ICU
JOURNAL PUBLICATION | This study published in the Critical Care Explorations journal ascertained the potential effects of hypoxemia and race on pulse oximetry in a population of patients.
By: Matthew T. Coghill, Mark A. Law, Lece V. Webb, Ahmed Asfari, Santiago Borasino, Matthew T. Coghill, Mark A. Law, Lece V. Webb, Ahmed Asfari, Santiago Borasino
Patient care
Advocacy
Race and the Inaccuracy of Pulse Oximetry With Hypoxemia in a Pediatric Cardiac ICU
Author(s): Matthew T. Coghill, Mark A. Law, Lece V. Webb, Ahmed Asfari, Santiago Borasino, Matthew T. Coghill, Mark A. Law, Lece V. Webb, Ahmed Asfari, Santiago Borasino
Publication date: March 2025
This study published in the Critical Care Explorations journal ascertained the potential effects of hypoxemia and race on pulse oximetry in a population of patients.
Link to Resource
Categories
Resource Types
Languages
Intended Audience
Region or Global
Specific to COVID-19
No
Cost-Effective Spectral Quantification of Skin Tone for Improved Medical Optical Instrumentation
JOURNAL PUBLICATION | This study investigates the use of the low-cost, compact AS7343 multispectral sensor to measure skin spectra across visible and infrared wavelengths.
By: Lee D. Sikstrom, Maria Drangova, David W. Holdsworth, Lee D. Sikstrom, Maria Drangova, David W. Holdsworth
Patient care
Advocacy
Cost-Effective Spectral Quantification of Skin Tone for Improved Medical Optical Instrumentation
Author(s): Lee D. Sikstrom, Maria Drangova, David W. Holdsworth, Lee D. Sikstrom, Maria Drangova, David W. Holdsworth
Publication date: March 2025
This study investigates the use of the low-cost, compact AS7343 multispectral sensor to measure skin spectra across visible and infrared wavelengths.
Categories
Resource Types
Languages
Intended Audience
Region or Global
Specific to COVID-19
No
Accuracy of Pulse Oximetry and Risk Factors Associated with Discrepancy from Arterial Oxygenation in Asian Patients in the ICU: An Observational Study
JOURNAL PUBLICATION | This study published in Chest determines how accurate oxygen saturation (Spo2) readings are in Japanese patients with critical illness and what factors contribute to discrepancies with arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2).
By: Toshishige Takagi, Tomoko Fujii, Sae Nakamura, Yusuke Tsutsumi, Shoichi Uezono, Toshishige Takagi, Tomoko Fujii, Sae Nakamura, Yusuke Tsutsumi, Shoichi Uezono
Patient care
Advocacy
Accuracy of Pulse Oximetry and Risk Factors Associated with Discrepancy from Arterial Oxygenation in Asian Patients in the ICU: An Observational Study
Author(s): Toshishige Takagi, Tomoko Fujii, Sae Nakamura, Yusuke Tsutsumi, Shoichi Uezono, Toshishige Takagi, Tomoko Fujii, Sae Nakamura, Yusuke Tsutsumi, Shoichi Uezono
Publication date: March 2025
This study published in Chest determines how accurate oxygen saturation (Spo2) readings are in Japanese patients with critical illness and what factors contribute to discrepancies with arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2).
Link to Resource
Categories
Resource Types
Languages
Intended Audience
Region or Global
Specific to COVID-19
No
Hypoxemia in Trauma Patients Receiving Two Different Oxygen Strategies: A TRAUMOX2 Substudy
JOURNAL PUBLICATION | This substudy published in Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine quantified the occurrence and duration of hypoxemic episodes during the trial’s eight-hour intervention.
By: Oscar Rosenkrantz, Tobias Arleth, Andreas Creutzburg, Louise Breum Petersen, Josefine Baekgaard, Stine Zwisler, Søren Mikkelsen, Markus Klimek, Lars Simon Rasmussen, Jacob Steinmetz, Oscar Rosenkrantz, Tobias Arleth, Andreas Creutzburg, Louise Breum Petersen, Josefine Baekgaard, Stine Zwisler, Søren Mikkelsen, Markus Klimek, Lars Simon Rasmussen, Jacob Steinmetz
Patient care
Advocacy
Respiratory care equipment
Hypoxemia in Trauma Patients Receiving Two Different Oxygen Strategies: A TRAUMOX2 Substudy
Author(s): Oscar Rosenkrantz, Tobias Arleth, Andreas Creutzburg, Louise Breum Petersen, Josefine Baekgaard, Stine Zwisler, Søren Mikkelsen, Markus Klimek, Lars Simon Rasmussen, Jacob Steinmetz, Oscar Rosenkrantz, Tobias Arleth, Andreas Creutzburg, Louise Breum Petersen, Josefine Baekgaard, Stine Zwisler, Søren Mikkelsen, Markus Klimek, Lars Simon Rasmussen, Jacob Steinmetz
Publication date: March 2025
This substudy published in Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine quantified the occurrence and duration of hypoxemic episodes during the trial’s eight-hour intervention.
Link to Resource
Categories
Resource Types
Languages
Intended Audience
Region or Global
Specific to COVID-19
No
Pitfalls, Myths, and Errors in Pulse Oximetry: Understanding False Readings in Severe Hypoxemia
JOURNAL PUBLICATION | This review published in EC Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine explores pulse oximetry limitations and common sources of measurement errors, such as low perfusion states and skin pigmentation.
By: Zorica Nikleski, Vesna Siklovska, Liljana Todorovska, Biljana Taleva, Svetlana Stefanovska, Petar Avramovski, Zorica Nikleski, Vesna Siklovska, Liljana Todorovska, Biljana Taleva, Svetlana Stefanovska, Petar Avramovski
Patient care
Advocacy
Pitfalls, Myths, and Errors in Pulse Oximetry: Understanding False Readings in Severe Hypoxemia
Author(s): Zorica Nikleski, Vesna Siklovska, Liljana Todorovska, Biljana Taleva, Svetlana Stefanovska, Petar Avramovski, Zorica Nikleski, Vesna Siklovska, Liljana Todorovska, Biljana Taleva, Svetlana Stefanovska, Petar Avramovski
Publication date: March 2025
This review published in EC Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine explores pulse oximetry limitations and common sources of measurement errors, such as low perfusion states and skin pigmentation.
Categories
Resource Types
Languages
Intended Audience
Region or Global
Specific to COVID-19
No
Tags
Smart Infant Monitors: A Pediatrician’s Guide
ARTICLE | This article published in Contemporary Pediatrics provides an overview of commercially available infant cardiorespiratory monitors and pulse oximeters in the home.
By: Sunaina Kapoor, Joseph Michael Collaco, Sunaina Kapoor, Joseph Michael Collaco
Patient care
Respiratory care equipment
Smart Infant Monitors: A Pediatrician’s Guide
Author(s): Sunaina Kapoor, Joseph Michael Collaco, Sunaina Kapoor, Joseph Michael Collaco
Publication date: March 2025
This article published in Contemporary Pediatrics provides an overview of commercially available infant cardiorespiratory monitors and pulse oximeters in the home.
Link to Resource
Categories
Resource Types
Languages
Intended Audience
Region or Global
Specific to COVID-19
No
Quantifying Racial Bias in SpO2 Measurements Using a Machine Learning Approach
JOURNAL PUBLICATION | This study published in Proceedings of the BIOSTEC 2025 investigates the racial biases in pulse oximetry.
By: Hakan Burak Karli, Eli Hilborn, Bige Deniz Unluturk, Hakan Burak Karli, Eli Hilborn, Bige Deniz Unluturk
Patient care
Advocacy
Respiratory care equipment
Quantifying Racial Bias in SpO2 Measurements Using a Machine Learning Approach
Author(s): Hakan Burak Karli, Eli Hilborn, Bige Deniz Unluturk, Hakan Burak Karli, Eli Hilborn, Bige Deniz Unluturk
This study published in Proceedings of the BIOSTEC 2025 investigates the racial biases in pulse oximetry.
Link to Resource
Categories
Resource Types
Languages
Intended Audience
Region or Global
Specific to COVID-19
No
Long-term Outcomes of a Paediatric Quality Improvement Project in Central Asia: Changes Take Time, Time for a Change
JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Journal of Global Health, this study assessed a WHO quality improvement project in Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, aimed to enhance the quality of pediatric hospital care.
By: Sophie Jullien, Shamsov Bakhtovar Abdulkhafizovich, Rabiia Allakhveranova, Manzura Mirsaidova, Gulmira Nazhimidinova, Nurshaim Tilenbaeva, Shoira Yusupova, Martin Weber, Susanne Carai, Sophie Jullien, Shamsov Bakhtovar Abdulkhafizovich, Rabiia Allakhveranova, Manzura Mirsaidova, Gulmira Nazhimidinova, Nurshaim Tilenbaeva, Shoira Yusupova, Martin Weber, Susanne Carai
Patient care
Advocacy
Long-term Outcomes of a Paediatric Quality Improvement Project in Central Asia: Changes Take Time, Time for a Change
Author(s): Sophie Jullien, Shamsov Bakhtovar Abdulkhafizovich, Rabiia Allakhveranova, Manzura Mirsaidova, Gulmira Nazhimidinova, Nurshaim Tilenbaeva, Shoira Yusupova, Martin Weber, Susanne Carai, Sophie Jullien, Shamsov Bakhtovar Abdulkhafizovich, Rabiia Allakhveranova, Manzura Mirsaidova, Gulmira Nazhimidinova, Nurshaim Tilenbaeva, Shoira Yusupova, Martin Weber, Susanne Carai
Publication date: March 2025
Published in Journal of Global Health, this study assessed a WHO quality improvement project in Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, aimed to enhance the quality of pediatric hospital care.
Link to Resource
Categories
Resource Types
Languages
Intended Audience
Region or Global
Specific to COVID-19
No