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Resources

This library provides a comprehensive set of global and country-specific tools, guidance, and other resources to support oxygen scale-up and long-term respiratory care planning.

Pulse Oximetry: A Vital Tool with Important Functional Limitations for Patients with Dark Skin Color

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Universal Library of Clinical Nursing, this review reports the extent of measurement bias for pulse oximeters, describes its clinical importance, and discusses approaches to eliminating it.

January 2025
By: David E. Harris
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

WHO Technical Specifications for Health Facility based Medical Oxygen Systems

GUIDANCE | The purpose of this document is to present a comprehensive package of technical specifications for medical oxygen system products and components: source, storage and distribution.

December 2024
By: World Health Organization (WHO)
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment

Going Beyond the Means: Exploring the Role of Bias from Digital Determinants of Health in Technologies

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in PLoS Digital Health, this article investigates how digital determinants of health contribute to bias in health technologies and their potential impact on healthcare equity.

October 2023
By: Marie-Laure Charpignon, Adrien Carrel, Yihang Jiang, Beatriz Cantada, Terry Hyslop, Christopher Cox, Krista Haines, Valencia Koomson, Guillaume Dumas, Michael Morley, Jessilyn Dunn, An-Kwok Ian Wong
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Regeneration of Zeolite for Medical Oxygen Generation in LMIC-Settings

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in The Lancet, this study investigated the feasibility of regenerating old zeolite for use in oxygen concentrators.

June 2023
By: Gerald Paul Douglas, Chimwemwe Tiyesi, Effa Newo Solomon, Mwabi Lungu
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

List of Medical Oxygen Generators Classified According to the Quality Assurance Requirements

TOOL | The Global Fund is partnering with UNICEF to source oxygen products. The current product list, including pricing and a link to the technical specifications, can be found in this document.

March 2023
By: The Global Fund, UNICEF
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment

A Systematic Review on Medical Oxygen Ecosystem: Current State and Recent Advancements

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in medRxiv, this systematic review found that most research on medical oxygen emerged post-COVID-19, highlighting gaps in empirical studies on its accessibility and use.

February 2023
By: Ehtashamul Haque, Khondaker Mamun
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Foundations of Medical Oxygen Systems

GUIDANCE | This document has been compiled to capture definitions, technical requirements, tools and resources related to medical oxygen systems.

February 2023
By: World Health Organization (WHO)
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment

NEST360 Newborn Technology Landscape

REPORT | This NEST360 report outlines a compendium of newborn healthcare technologies, both commercially available and in development, suitable for use in resource-limited settings.

December 2022
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Oxygen Concentrator Specifications

TOOL | This sheet is a living document and is being populated with specifications of oxygen concentrators.

November 2022
By: Open Critical Care, Sustaining Technical and Analytic Resources (STAR) project, University of California, San Francisco
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment

Analysis of the Renewed European Medical Device Regulations in the Frame of the Non – EU Regulatory Landscape during the COVID Facilitated Change

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, this review evaluates the updated European Medical Device Regulations and their global impact, emphasizing stricter compliance requirements post-COVID-19.

October 2022
By: S.P. Yamini Kanti, Ildikó Csóka, Lívia Adalbert, Orsolya Jójárt-Laczkovich
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Blueprint for a National Medical Oxygen Grid in India

REPORT | This report describes ways to ensure that the attention that medical oxygen has received can be leveraged to create a broader network – a grid of oxygen resources.

October 2022
By: Reaching Impact, Saturation, and Epidemic Control (RISE) project, Swasth Alliance
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment

Technology and Market Landscape: Next Generation Pulse Oximeters

REPORT | This report aims to assess the potential of multimodal pulse oximeters to improve the integrated diagnosis and treatment of illnesses for patients presenting at health facilities in LMICs.

September 2022
By: PATH
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment

Design for Oxygen Concentrator Usability in Under-resourced Healthcare Settings

GUIDANCE | This guide highlights evaluation results and provides 12 opportunities of designing oxygen concentrators, humidifier bottles, and flow splitters to address the oxygen gap in healthcare settings in LMICs.

July 2022
By: Spark Health Design, Oxygen for Life Initiative, Center for Public Health and Development Kenya, UNICEF
Respiratory care equipment

Strengthening Oxygen Ecosystem for COVID-19 and Beyond in India

REPOSITORY / TOOLKIT | In order to build capacity for long-term sustainability, PATH developed, translated, and disseminated high-quality, reliable, and ready-reference knowledge products specific to India.

July 2022
By: PATH
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

NEST360 Qualified Technologies

TOOL | The NEST360 qualified technologies are a list of newborn care technologies best suited for use in low-resource setting hospitals, including being effective, affordable, rugged, and simple to use.

June 2022
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Quality and Regulation Standards for Ventilator as Medical Devices in India

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, this study focuses on the devices, including ventilators, which require regulations but still lack the quality check points.

June 2022
By: Nidhi Pandey, Arti R. Thakkar, Ramanpreet Walia
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Skin Pigmentation Influence on Pulse Oximetry Accuracy: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), this review aims to study the literature that assesses the influence of skin pigmentation on the accuracy of pulse oximeters.

April 2022
By: Ana M. Cabanas, Macarena Fuentes-Guajardo, Katina Latorre, Pilar Martín-Escudero
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Standard Operating Procedure: Operation and Maintenance of Oxygen Concentrator

GUIDANCE | The document provides, in detail, the components and functioning of an oxygen concentrator.

March 2022
By: Reaching Impact, Saturation, and Epidemic Control (RISE) project
Respiratory care equipment

Fonctionnalite des concentrateurs d’oxygene hospitaliers au Nord Kivu, Republique Democratique du Congo [Functionality of hospital oxygen concentrators in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo]

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Sante Publique, this article investigates the functionality of oxygen concentrators in hospitals in North Kivu, DRC, and emphasizes the need for improved maintenance and training.

January 2022
By: Jean-Bosco Mbeva Kahindo, Prudence Mitangala Ndeba, Nzanzu Mahamba, Edison Maombi, Janvier Kubuya Bonane, Denis Porignon
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

The World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists Minimum Capnometer Specifications 2021—A Guide for Healthcare Decision Makers

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | The World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists (WFSA) has developed the “WFSA—Minimum Capnometer Specifications 2021”, which are published in Anesthesia & Analgesia.

November 2021
By: Adrian W. Gelb, Robert J. McDougall, Julian Gore-Booth, Phoebe-Anne Mainland
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

NEST360 Training Videos

COURSE / TRAINING VIDEO | These NEST360 training videos demonstrate model-specific equipment setup, use, and maintenance and are used as training aids in clinical and technical training.

August 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Bridging the Gap between Oxygen Needs and Technical Solutions

PRESENTATION / WEBINAR | This WHO webinar provides as introduction to the oxygen ecosystem, a holistic assessment of oxygen and biomedical equipment, and recommendations for medical device specifications and procurement.

May 2021
By: World Health Organization (WHO)
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment

NEST360 Technical Scenario: Bubble CPAP

TOOL | This tool from NEST360 provides a technical scenario for a bubble CPAP device.

April 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST360 Technical Scenario: Flow Splitter

TOOL | This tool from NEST360 provides a technical scenario for a flow splitter.

April 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST360 Technical Scenario: Oxygen Concentrator

TOOL | This tool from NEST360 provides a technical scenario for an oxygen concentrator.

April 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST360 Technical Scenario: Pulse Oximeter

TOOL | This tool from NEST360 provides a technical scenario for a pulse oximeter.

April 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST360 Technical Scenario: Suction Pump

TOOL | This tool from NEST360 provides a technical scenario for a suction pump.

April 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Improving Access to Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Medical Products in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Considerations for Effective Registration Systems

REPORT | This report presents findings of the registration status of tracer MNCH medicines and the functionality of regulatory agencies with respect to legal provisions, organization and resources, and registration processes.

March 2021
By: Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) program
Respiratory care equipment

ISO Action Plan for Developing Countries, 2021–2025

GUIDANCE | ISO’s Action Plan maps out how ISO aims to contribute to improving developing countries’ economic growth and access to world markets and helping to achieve sustainable development.

February 2021
By: International Standards Organization
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Lessons and Risks of Medical Device Deployment in a Global Pandemic

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | To respond to inflated costs and export restrictions on medical equipment, Mercedes HPP worked with key experts to produce a simple, mechanical noninvasive respiratory device to deliver CPAP.

February 2021
By: Rebecca J. Shipley, David Brealey, Rashan Haniffa, Clare Elwell, Tim Baker, David A. Lomas, Mervyn Singer
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Respiratory Care Equipment Market Report

REPORT | This market report serves as a preliminary guide to available suppliers with capacity to provide equipment for respiratory care and is intended to help conduct an initial supplier landscaping.

December 2020
By: PATH, Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment

ISO 80601-2-69:2020: Medical Electrical Equipment, Part 2-69: Particular Requirements for Basic Safety and Essential Performance of Oxygen Concentrator Equipment

GUIDANCE | This document specifies requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of an oxygen concentrator in combination with its accessories.

November 2020
By: International Standards Organization
Respiratory care equipment

Priority Medical Devices List for the COVID-19 Response and Associated Technical Specifications

GUIDANCE | This document describes the medical devices required for the clinical management of COVID-19, selected and prioritized according to the latest available evidence and interim guidelines.

November 2020
By: World Health Organization (WHO)
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment

WHO Priority Medical Devices List for the COVID-19 Response and Associated Technical Specifications

TOOL | This document describes the medical devices required for the clinical management of COVID-19, selected and prioritized according to the latest available evidence and interim guidelines.

November 2020
By: World Health Organization (WHO)
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Ventilator Training Alliance

REPOSITORY / TOOLKIT | The Ventilator Training Alliance provides a library of training and product resources for medical professionals.

September 2020
By: Ventilator Training Alliance
Respiratory care equipment

WHO Technical Specifications for Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Oxygen Plants

GUIDANCE | This document provides technical specifications for the minimum requirements that a PSA oxygen plant must meet for use for the administration of medical-grade oxygen.

June 2020
By: World Health Organization (WHO)
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment

WHO Technical Specifications for Invasive and Noninvasive Ventilators for COVID-19

GUIDANCE | These technical specifications describe the minimum requirements that invasive and noninvasive ventilators must comply with to ensure quality, safety, and effectiveness for COVID-19 management.

April 2020
By: World Health Organization (WHO)
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment

WHO-UNICEF Technical Specifications and Guidance for Oxygen Therapy Devices

GUIDANCE | This interagency publication provides harmonized product specifications for a wide range of products for delivering oxygen therapy and guidance on the selection, procurement, use, and maintenance of these products.

January 2019
By: World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment

ISO 80601-2-61, Medical Electrical Equipment, Part 2-61: Particular Requirements for Basic Safety and Essential Performance of Pulse Oximeter Equipment

GUIDANCE | ISO 80601-2-61:2017 applies to the basic safety and essential performance of pulse oximeter equipment intended for use on humans.

June 2017
By: International Standards Organization
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Summary: Proposal for Inclusion of Oxygen as a Medical Gas on the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines

INFORMATION BRIEF | This summary document highlights PATH’s proposed inclusion of oxygen as a medical gas on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (for Children) to clarify its importance as a medicine.

December 2016
By: PATH
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

WHO Technical Specifications for Oxygen Concentrators

GUIDANCE | This guidance document supports the selection, procurement, utilization, and maintenance of oxygen concentrators.

June 2015
By: World Health Organization (WHO)
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment

Design for Reliability: Ideal Product Requirement Specifications for Oxygen Concentrators for Children With Hypoxemia in Low-resource Settings

GUIDANCE | This document provides guidance to developers and manufacturers on the key performance requirements and potential design for a reliable, robust, and scalable oxygen concentrator.

May 2015
By: PATH
Respiratory care equipment

Evaluation of Oxygen Concentrators for Use in Countries with Limited Resources

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Anaesthesia, this study evaluates seven models of oxygen concentrators for use in resource-limited countries, identifying key performance issues under high temperature and humidity conditions.

July 2013
By: David Peel, Robert Neighbour, Roger J. Eltringham
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Pulse Oximeters—Premarket Notification Submissions [510(k)s]: Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff

GUIDANCE | The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has developed this guidance document to assist industry in preparing premarket notifications (510(k)s) for pulse oximeters.

March 2013
By: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Medical Equipment Troubleshooting Flowchart Handbook

TOOL | This handbook provides troubleshooting flowcharts for various medical equipment, including respiratory equipment like oxygen concentrators, pulse oximeters, respiratory monitors, etc.

February 2013
By: Engineering World Health
Respiratory care equipment

Options for Medical Oxygen Technology Systems in Low-Resource Settings: A Framework for Comparison

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | This review presents and compares four different medical oxygen system configurations across a wide range of criteria relevant to low-resource settings.

October 2012
By: Beverly Bradley, Shawn Qu, Yu-Ling Cheng, David Peel, Stephen Howie
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Temperature and Humidity Trends in a Health Centre in the Gambia: Implications for Back up Battery-Life in Tropical Settings

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Daily temperature and humidity data were collected at a health center in The Gambia, where a battery system has been installed as back-up power for a medical oxygen system.

September 2012
By: Beverly Bradley, J.D. Light, B. Singhateh, David Peel, Yu-Ling Cheng, Stephen Howie
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Handheld Pulse Oximeter Model: AH-M1 Instruction Manual

GUIDANCE | Published by Acare Technology Co., Ltd., this manual outlines the usage, setup, and safety guidelines for the AH-M1 handheld pulse oximeter, including features like alarms and maintenance procedures.

July 2011
By: Acare Technology Co., Ltd
Respiratory care equipment

Medical Equipment Maintenance Programme Overview

GUIDANCE | This document is part of a series of reference documents on medical equipment and health technology being developed for use at the country level.

June 2011
By: World Health Organization (WHO)
Respiratory care equipment

Beyond Good Intentions: Lessons on Equipment Donations from a Hospital in Africa

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Bulletin of the World Health Organization, this study highlights the challenges faced by a Gambian hospital after receiving incompatible oxygen concentrators.

January 2008
By: Stephen Howie, Sarah Hill, David Peel, Momodou Sanneh, Malick Njie, Philip Hill, Kim Mulholland, Richard A. Adegbola
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Biomedical Equipment Technician (BMET) Library

REPOSITORY / TOOLKIT | The Biomedical Equipment Technician (BMET) Library is a free library containing resources for the repair, maintenance and operation of medical equipment.

By: Engineering World Health
Respiratory care equipment

IFMBE Clinical Engineering Division

REPOSITORY / TOOLKIT | This website provides courses and other training materials on clinical engineering.

By: IFMBE Clinical Engineering Division
Respiratory care equipment

Library of Resource for Oxygen Equipment Technicians

REPOSITORY / TOOLKIT | This library provides different resources specific to oxygen equipment technicians.

By: Assist International
Respiratory care equipment

The Oxygen Library

REPOSITORY / TOOLKIT | This oxygen library by the Oxygen Alliance includes videos, comprehensive service manuals, and other information on every oxygen concentrator the Alliance has analyzed in the past.

By: OpenO2 at the Global Health Informatics Institute, Oxygen Alliance
Respiratory care equipment

Bioforge OxySaver

TOOL | This presentation highlights the Bioforge Oxysaver, which was developed as a more affordable product for LMICs, compared to the Demand Oxygen Delivery Systems (DODS) currently available.

By: Bioforge Health Systems, Dewan Choudhury
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Biomedical Engineering Technician Training: Oxygen Concentrators

COURSE / TRAINING VIDEO | In this course, biomedical engineers with a strong background in biomedical engineering or electronics will be given a refresher on oxygen concentrators.

By: Stanford Medicine – Anesthesia Division of Global Health Equity, Assist International
Respiratory care equipment

COVID-19: Your Questions Answered

REPOSITORY / TOOLKIT | This toolkit provides answers to many questions related to COVID-19. The answers were curated from evidence-based literature and peer-reviewed resources.

By: Stanford Medicine – Anesthesia Division of Global Health Equity
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Health Products Policy and Standards: Medical Use of Oxygen

GUIDANCE | This webpage highlights World Health Organization guidance and resources on the use of medical oxygen.

By: World Health Organization (WHO)
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Medevis: Priority Medical Devices Information System

REPOSITORY / TOOLKIT | Medevis is an open access WHO electronic database on appropriate medical devices according to the levels of care, setting and intended health intervention.

By: World Health Organization (WHO)
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Oxygen Talks

PRESENTATION / WEBINAR | The Oxygen Talk is where the Oxygen Alliance invites experts to come and speak about an oxygen-related topic.

By: OpenO2 at the Global Health Informatics Institute, Oxygen Alliance
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

U.S. Pharmacopeia: Oxygen (93 Percent)

GUIDANCE | This guidance outlines the definition, production, testing, and storage requirements and allowed impurities for oxygen 93 percent, as laid out in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia.

By: U.S. Pharmacopeia
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Light Source Spectra and Higher Measurement Uncertainty in Pulse Oximeter Readings for Individuals with Darker Skin Pigmentation

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in British Journal of Anesthesia, this study hypothesized that color bias in pulse oximetry results from the optical properties of two LED sources typically used in commercial pulse oximeters.

March 2025
By: Kevin Benner, Andrew Bierman, Mark Rea
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Biomedical Engineers Are Crucial for Effective Health-Care Systems

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in The Lancet Global Health, this paper urges WHO, governments, ministries of health, and funders to implement these 5 recommendations to strengthen the biomedical engineering profession.

February 2025
By: Mambidzeni Madzivire, Millicent Alooh, Lucio Flavio de Magalhães Brito, Tazeen Bukhari, Nitesh Kumar Jangir, Robert Neighbour, Robert Ssekitoleko, Maria Oden
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Reducing Global Inequities in Medical Oxygen Access: The Lancet Global Health Commission on Medical Oxygen Security

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | The Lancet Global Health Commission on medical oxygen security aimed to synthesize available evidence and produce actionable recommendations. This article highlights the results of the Commission’s work.

February 2025
By: Hamish Graham, Carina King, Ahmed Ehsanur Rahman, Freddy Eric Kitutu, Leith Greenslade, Masooma Aqeel, Tim Baker, Lucio Flavio de Magalhães Brito, Harry Campbell, Karen Czischke, Mike English, Adegoke G. Falade, Patricia J. Garcia, Mireia Gil, Stephen Graham, Amy Gray, Stephen Howie, Niranjan Kissoon, Ramanan Laxminarayan, Ines Li Lin, Michael S. Lipnick, Dianne B. Lowe, David Lowrance, Eric D. McCollum, Tisungane Mvalo, Jacquie Oliwa, Stefan S. Peterson, Rediet Shimeles Workneh, Heather J. Zar, Shams El Arifeen, Freddie Ssengooba
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Analysis of the Effect of Skin Pigmentation and Oxygen Saturation on Monte Carlo-Simulated Reflectance Photoplethysmography Signals

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Sensors, this study sought to further investigate the root causes of overestimation of arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) in individuals with darker skin.

January 2025
By: Raghda Al-Halawani, Meha Qassem, Panicos A. Kyriacou
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

FDA Proposes Updated Recommendations to Help Improve Performance of Pulse Oximeters across Skin Tones

 ARTICLE | The U.S. Food and Drug Administration published new draft guidance aimed at helping improve the accuracy and performance of pulse oximeters across the range of skin pigmentation.

January 2025
By: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Implementation of a Novel Bubble Continuous Positive Airway Pressure System with a Blender in Preterm Infants in a Low Resource Setting

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Journal of Perinatology, this study assessed if a novel CPAP system is associated with improvement in premature infants in a low-resource setting and if blended oxygen reduced FiO2.

January 2025
By: Emily Ahn, Aisa Shayo, Matei Mselle, Anna Sechu, Jeffrey Perlman
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Analysis of Melanin Concentration on Reflective Pulse Oximetry Using Monte Carlo Simulations

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in IEEE, this study investigates the impact of melanin concentration on the accuracy of oxygen saturation (SpO2) estimation using reflective photoplethysmography (PPG) measurements.

December 2024
By: Maximilian Reiser, Oliver Amft, Andreas Breidenassel
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Exploring the Role of ‘Outsourced Oxygen-to-the-Bedside’ in Expanding Oxygen Access for Patients

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | This paper proposes a conceptualization of a particular delivery model that takes a broader approach than the traditional oxygen procurement and delivery – ‘Outsourced Oxygen-to-the-Bedside’ (O2B).

December 2024
By: Mattias Schedwin, Hamish Graham, Alex Losneanu, Jason Houdek, Freddy Eric Kitutu, Pius Mukisa, Tim Baker, Msira Mageni, Maire Raune, Amarpreet Rai, Aishat Adeniji, Oladeji Sofoluke, Michael Njuguna, Francis Achocho, Qaasim Mian, Abdullah Saleh, Michael Hawkes, Miranda Dixon, Pritika Kasliwal, Carina King
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

The Affordable Care Act’s Call for Nondiscrimination: Addressing the Role of Pulse Oximetry in Racial Disparities

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Annals of the American Thoracic Society, this paper describes how this rule recognizes that pulse oximeters are less reliable on dark skin pigmentation and needs to be addressed.

December 2024
By: Howard L. Saft, Nirav R. Bhakta, An-Kwok Ian Wong, Sharron J. Crowder, Stuart C. Sweet, Indira Gurubhagavatula
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Pulse Oximetry in Pediatric Care: Balancing Advantages and Limitations

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, this study evaluates the advantages, limitations, and challenges of pulse oximetry in clinical practice, as well as proposes recommendations to optimize its use.

September 2024
By: Mohammed Al-Beltagi, Nermin Kamal Saeed, Adel Salah Bediwy, Reem Elbeltagi
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Pressure Swing Adsorption Plants: Common Issues and Solutions to Prevent Future Disrepair

REPORT | This report summarizes the results of an analysis conducted on PSA plant failures, and opportunities for improved management.

November 2023
By: PATH, Build Health International, Assist International, Partners in Health
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment

Quality Assurance Practices for Medical Oxygen Systems: Technical Resource for Distribution- and Facility-Level Medical Oxygen Systems

GUIDANCE | This technical resource document for ensuring the quality of medical oxygen, whether produced on-site or outsourced, aims to serve as a reference and includes tools for practical application.

July 2023
By: Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) program
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

WHO List of Priority Medical Devices for Management of Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes

TOOL | This publication was developed in response to the need for a reference list of priority medical devices required for management of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), focusing on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

June 2023
By: World Health Organization (WHO)
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Knowledge Transfer in Support of the Development of Oxygen Concentrators in Emergency Settings During the COVID-19 Pandemic

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Journal of Chemical Education, this study highlights the role of knowledge transfer in the development of oxygen concentrators during the COVID-19 pandemic.

April 2023
By: Urs B Lustenberger, Alexandra Krestnikova, Olivier Gröninger, Wendelin Stark
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Biomedical Engineers Peer-Led Mentorship Program Increases Workforce Capacity and Access to Oxygen in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

 ARTICLE | To address recruitment challenges in Nigeria and improve medical oxygen supplies, CHAI collaborated with the Biomedical Engineering Training Institute to conduct a national TOT for biomedical engineers.

March 2023
By: Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment

Pulse Oximeter Bias and Inequities in Retrospective Studies––Now What?

 ARTICLE | Published in Respiratory Care, this editorial responds to findings from a recent publication and offers mitigation strategies so the use of pulse oximetry is safe for all patients.

December 2022
By: Kelvin L. Moore, Koa Gudelunas, Michael S. Lipnick, Philip E. Bickler, Carolyn M. Hendrickson
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Pulse Oximeter Accuracy and Limitations: FDA Safety Communication

GUIDANCE | The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is informing patients and healthcare providers that pulse oximeters have limitations and a risk of inaccuracy under certain circumstances.

November 2022
By: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Skin Color Affects the Accuracy of Medical Oxygen Sensors

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | In this article published in Nature, two groups of researchers analyze skin pigmentation’s impact on pulse oximetry readings and its effects on people with dark skin.

October 2022
By: Matthew D. Keller, Brandon Harrison-Smith, Chetan Patil, Mohammed Shahriar Arefin
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

The Accuracy of Pulse Oximetry in Measuring Oxygen Saturation by Levels of Skin Pigmentation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in BMC Medicine, this study systematically reviewed the effects of skin pigmentation on the SpO2 accuracy by pulse oximetry compared with the gold standard SaO2 measured by CO-oximetry.

August 2022
By: Chunhu Shi, Mark Goodall, Jo Dumville, Gill Norman, Oliver Hamer, Andrew Clegg, Caroline Leigh Watkins, George Georgiou, Alexander Hodkinson, Catherine Elizabeth Lightbody, Paul Dark, Nicky Cullum
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Implementation of Solar Powered Oxygen Delivery in a Conflict Zone: Preliminary Findings from Somalia on Feasibility and Usefulness

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Medicine, Conflict and Survival, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of solar powered oxygen at Hanano General Hospital in Dusamareb, Galmudug State, Somalia, in a conflict-affected region.

June 2022
By: Qaasim Mian, Sk Md Mamunur Rahman Malik, Mohamed Adam Alinor, Md Shajib Hossain, Jitendar Kumar Sharma, Osman Moallim Hassan, Abdiwali Mohamed Ahmed, Abdiweli Abdullahi Jama, Andrew J. Okello, Sophie Namasopo, Robert Opika Opoka, Nicholas Conradi, Abdullah Saleh, Andrea L. Conroy
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Technology to Improve Reliable Access to Oxygen in Western Uganda: Study Protocol for a Phased Implementation Trial in Neonatal and Paediatric Wards

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in BMJ Open, this study assesses the clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of expanding the FREO2 Oxygen System to 20 hospitals and health facilities in Western Uganda.

June 2022
By: Rami Subhi, Graham Moore, Joseph Mugerwa, David Peake, Eleanor Nakintu, Daniel Murokora, Roger Rassool, Marc Sklar, Hamish Graham, Bryn Sobott
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Medicinal Oxygen Monograph for 11th Edition of the International Pharmacopoeia

GUIDANCE | This outlines the proposed update to the definition of medical oxygen, particularly the specifics of 93% and 99.5% purity of medical oxygen, as of May 2022.

May 2022
By: World Health Organization (WHO)
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Racial and Ethnic Discrepancy in Pulse Oximetry and Delayed Identification of Treatment Eligibility Among Patients With COVID-19

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in JAMA Network, this journal article investigated whether there is differential inaccuracy of pulse oximetry by race or ethnicity among patients with COVID-19.

May 2022
By: Ashraf Fawzy, Tianshi David Wu, Kunbo Wang, Matthew L. Robinson, Jad Farha, Amanda Bradke, Sherita H. Golden, Yanxun Xu, Brian T. Garibaldi
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

The International Pharmacopoeia – Medicinal Oxygen (11th Edition)

GUIDANCE | This outlines the update to the definition of medical oxygen, particularly the specifics of 93% and 99.5% purity of medical oxygen, as of May 2022.

May 2022
By: World Health Organization (WHO)
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Success and Time Implications of SpO2 Measurement through Pulse Oximetry among Hospitalised Children in Rural Bangladesh: Variability by Various Device-, Provider- and Patient-Related Factors

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Journal of Global Health, this study assessed pulse oximetry performance of different types of assessors in inpatient settings after an update to the existing IMCI package in Bangladesh.

April 2022
By: Ahmed Ehsanur Rahman, Shafiqul Ameen, Sabrina Jabeen, Tamanna Majid, Azim Uddin Afm, Tania Sultana Tanwi, Goutom Banik, Md Ziaul Haque Shaikh, Md Jahurul Islam, Sabina Ashrafee, Husam Muhammad Shah Alam, Ashfia Saberin, Ehtesham Kabir Anm, Sabbir Ahmed, Mahbuba Khan, Anisuddin Ahmed, Qazi Rahman, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, Steve Cunningham, Muhammad Shariful Islam, David H. Dockrell, Harish Nair, Shams El Arifeen, Harry Campbell
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Target Product Profile: Oxygen Concentrator

TOOL | UNICEF, in collaboration with NEST360 and the Oxygen CoLab, is driving the development of a fit-for-purpose Resilient Oxygen Concentrator for low-resource settings.

April 2022
By: UNICEF, NEST360
Respiratory care equipment

Medical Equipment Donation: An End in Itself or a Mean to an End?

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine, this article highlights the problems with donated medical equipment.

March 2022
By: Mounika Reddy, Madhusudan Samprathi, Vikas Bhatia
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Respiratory Care Pocket Reference

TOOL | This pocket reference provides a quick reference on respiratory care, including oxygen sources and delivery devices, respiratory mechanics, volume and pressure control, etc.

February 2022
By: Open Critical Care, University of California, San Francisco, Sustaining Technical and Analytic Resources (STAR) project
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Pulse Oximeter Performance, Racial Inequity, and the Work Ahead

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | This article proposes five priority areas for the research community and actionable changes to current regulations that will help improve oximeter accuracy and help reduce bias in pulse oximeter performance.

November 2021
By: Olubunmi E. Okunlola, Michael S. Lipnick, Paul B. Batchelder, Michael Bernstein, John R. Feiner, Philip E. Bickler
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

NEST360 Clinical Job Aid: Acare Suction Pump

TOOL | This clinical job aid from NEST360 provides an overview of an Acare suction pump, including assessment and preparation as well as repair and maintenance of the device.

August 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST360 Clinical Job Aid: AirSep Oxygen Concentrator

TOOL | This clinical job aid from NEST360 provides an overview of an AirSep oxygen concentrator, including assessment and preparation as well as repair and maintenance of the device.

August 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST360 Clinical Job Aid: Aspeed Suction Pump

TOOL | This clinical job aid from NEST360 provides an overview of an Aspeed suction pump, including assessment and preparation as well as repair and maintenance of the device.

August 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST360 Clinical Job Aid: Bistos Pulse Oximeter

TOOL | This clinical job aid from NEST360 provides an overview of a Bistos pulse oximeter, including assessment and preparation as well as repair and maintenance of the device.

August 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST360 Clinical Job Aid: Bubble CPAP

TOOL | This clinical job aid from NEST360 provides an overview of a bubble CPAP device.

August 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST360 Clinical Job Aid: Canta Oxygen Concentrator

TOOL | This clinical job aid from NEST360 provides an overview of a Canta oxygen concentrator, including assessment and preparation as well as repair and maintenance of the device.

August 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST360 Clinical Job Aid: Flow Splitter

TOOL | This clinical job aid from NEST360 provides an overview of a flow splitter, including assessment and preparation as well as repair and maintenance of the device.

August 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST360 Clinical Job Aid: LifeBox Pulse Oximeter

TOOL | This clinical job aid from NEST360 provides an overview of a LifeBox pulse oximeter, including assessment and preparation as well as repair and maintenance of the device.

August 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Oxygen Generation and Storage

INFORMATION BRIEF | This supply intelligence brief series is intended to be a concise primer to understand the solutions available to meet a health system’s need for medical oxygen and its delivery.

July 2021
By: PATH, Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Common Noninvasive Oxygen Delivery Devices

TOOL | This document, featuring common noninvasive oxygen delivery devices, is part of a set of tools that can be locally modified to train health providers in respiratory care.

June 2021
By: Open Critical Care, Sustaining Technical and Analytic Resources (STAR) project, University of California, San Francisco
Respiratory care equipment

Quick Guide to Oxygen Concentrators

TOOL | This document, featuring how-to information on oxygen concentrators, is part of a set of tools that can be locally modified to train health providers in respiratory care.

May 2021
By: Open Critical Care, Sustaining Technical and Analytic Resources (STAR) project, University of California, San Francisco
Respiratory care equipment

NEST-ED Technical Module: Bubble CPAP

GUIDANCE | The NEST-ED Technical Modules help technical staff and students understand the basics of when and how to use equipment essential to newborn care, such as a bubble CPAP device.

April 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST-ED Technical Module: Flow Splitter

GUIDANCE | The NEST-ED Technical Modules help technical staff and students understand the basics of when and how to use equipment essential to newborn care, such as flow splitters.

April 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST-ED Technical Module: Oxygen Concentrator

GUIDANCE | The NEST-ED Technical Modules help technical staff and students understand the basics of when and how to use equipment essential to newborn care, such as oxygen concentrators.

April 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST-ED Technical Module: Oxygen Cylinder

GUIDANCE | The NEST-ED Technical Modules help technical staff and students understand the basics of when and how to use equipment essential to newborn care, such as oxygen cylinders.

April 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST-ED Technical Module: Pulse Oximeter

GUIDANCE | The NEST-ED Technical Modules help technical staff and students understand the basics of when and how to use equipment essential to newborn care, such as pulse oximeters.

April 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST-ED Technical Module: Suction Pump

GUIDANCE | The NEST-ED Technical Modules help technical staff and students understand the basics of when and how to use equipment essential to newborn care, such as suction pumps.

April 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST360 Clinical Scenario: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

TOOL | This tool from NEST360 provides a clinical scenario for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).

March 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST360 Clinical Scenario: Oxygen Concentrator and Flow Splitter

TOOL | This tool from NEST360 provides a clinical scenario for oxygen concentrator and flow splitter.

March 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

NEST360 Clinical Scenario: Suction Pump

TOOL | This tool from NEST360 provides a clinical scenario for suction pumps.

March 2021
By: NEST360
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Technical Results from a Trial of the FREO2 Low-Pressure Oxygen Storage System, Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Uganda

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in PLoS One, this study reports the technical results of a field trial of the FREO2 low-pressure oxygen storage system, consisting of improvements to a standard concentrator, in Uganda.

March 2021
By: David Peake, James Black, Elias Kumbakumba, Celestine Barigye, Peter Moschovis, Ivan Muhumuza, Frank Kiwanuka, Patrick Semata, Kevin Rassool, Bryn Sobott, Roger Rassool
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Not All Pulse Oximeters Are Created Equal: Addressing Skin Pigmentation in Pulse Oximetry

PRESENTATION / WEBINAR | This video presentation features a panel of pulse oximetry experts sharing essential information on how pulse oximetry works, including that Masimo SET® pulse oximetry is not limited by skin pigmentation.

January 2021
By: Masimo
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Rural Healthcare Workers’ Views on the Introduction of Solar Power and Oxygen Concentrators in Health Facilities in Papua New Guinea: A Qualitative Study

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Tropical Doctor, this study explored the views of rural health workers in Papua New Guinea on the impact of a program to improve their oxygen delivery systems.

January 2021
By: Francis Pulsan, Trevor Duke, John D. Vince
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Racial Bias in Pulse Oximetry Measurement

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | This study analyzed paired pulse oximetry measures of oxygen saturation and measures of arterial oxygen saturation and compared the results to patients who identified themselves as White or Black.

December 2020
By: Michael W. Sjoding, Robert P. Dickson, Theodore J. Iwashyna, Steven E. Gay, Thomas S. Valley
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

The Development and Implementation of An Oxygen Treatment Solution for Health Facilities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in the Journal of Global Health, this study describes the development and field testing of two oxygen supply solutions suitable for the realities of health facilities in LMICs.

December 2020
By: Stephen Howie, Bernard E. Ebruke, Mireia Gil, Beverly Bradley, Ebrima Nyassi, Sainimere Boladuadua, Senimili Rasili, Eric Rafai, Grant Mackenzie, Yu-Ling Cheng, David Peel, Joan Vives-Tomas, Syed M.A. Zaman
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

APSF/ASA Guidance on Purposing Anesthesia Machines as ICU Ventilators

GUIDANCE | This document is intended to provide guidance on using anesthesia ventilators safely and effectively as ICU ventilators.

May 2020
By: American Society of Anesthesiologists, Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care

Guidelines for Cleaning of Externally Contaminated Medical Gas Cylinders/Containers

GUIDANCE | This document provides guidelines for cleaning externally contaminated medical gas cylinders/containers.

April 2020
By: India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, All India Industrial Gases Manufacturers’ Association (AIIGMA)
Respiratory care equipment

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for Converting Industrial Oxygen Cylinders and Inert Gas Cylinders for Medical Use

GUIDANCE | This SOP outlines how to convert industrial oxygen cylinders and other gas cylinders to ensure uninterrupted supply of oxygen to hospital and other healthcare facilities.

April 2020
By: Government of India Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation
Respiratory care equipment

European Pharmacopoeia: Oxygen (93 Percent)

GUIDANCE | This guidance outlines the definition, production, testing, and storage requirements and allowed impurities for oxygen 93 percent, as laid out in the 9th edition of the European Pharmacopoeia.

December 2019
By: European Pharmacopoeia
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Decommissioning Medical Devices

GUIDANCE | This guide was created in response to insufficient knowledge about decommissioning medical device and is part of the WHO medical device technical series.

February 2019
By: World Health Organization (WHO)
Respiratory care equipment

Comparison of European, U.S., and Japanese Pharmacopoeia Monographs for Medicinal Gases

GUIDANCE | This publication provides a comparison between the specifications and the test methods defined for medicinal gases in each of the regional pharmacopoeia compendiums – European, U.S., and Japanese.

November 2018
By: European Industrial Gases Association
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Fire Hazards of Oxygen and Oxygen-enriched Atmospheres

GUIDANCE | This publication explains the fire hazards resulting from handling oxygen and the relevant protective measures that should be taken.

November 2018
By: European Industrial Gases Association
Respiratory care equipment

Improving Oxygen Therapy for Children and Neonates in Secondary Hospitals in Nigeria: Study Protocol for a Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomised Trial

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Trials, this study protocol outlines a trial designed to improve oxygen therapy for children and neonates in Nigerian hospitals through better equipment and healthcare training.

October 2017
By: Hamish Graham, Ayobami A. Bakare, David Peel, Amy Gray, Barbara McPake, Eleanor Neal, Shamim Ahmad Qazi, Rasa Izadnegahdar, Trevor Duke
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

A Toolkit for Procuring Quality-Assured Basic Neonatal Resuscitation Commodities

REPOSITORY / TOOLKIT | This toolkit is intended to help with quantifying commodity needs, developing effective procurement plans, and writing specifications for national tenders.

July 2016
By: PATH
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Estimation of Surgery Capacity in Haiti: Nationwide Survey of Hospitals

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in the World Journal of Surgery, the study reviewed the surgical capacity in Haiti, identifying significant deficiencies in infrastructure and resources, and recommending task-sharing to improve surgical care.

September 2015
By: Tu M. Tran, Mackenson Saint-Fort, Marie-Djenane Jose, Jean Hugues Henrys, Jacques Pierre Pierre, Meena Cherian, Richard Gosselin
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Improving Paediatric and Neonatal Care in Rural District Hospitals in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea: A Quality Improvement Approach

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Paediatrics International Child Health, this article examines a quality improvement project in rural Papua New Guinea hospitals to enhance pediatric and neonatal care, including oxygen therapy.

May 2014
By: Martin Saavu, Trevor Duke, Sens Matai
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Oxygen Concentrators: A Practical Guide for Clinicians and Technicians in Developing Countries

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | This paper in the Annals of Tropical Pediatrics is a practical and up-to-date guide for all involved in purchasing, using, and maintaining oxygen concentrators in developing countries.

July 2013
By: Trevor Duke, David Peel, Stephen Graham, Stephen Howie, Penny Enarson, Robert Jacobson
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Oxygen Supplies in Disaster Management

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Respiratory Care, this article emphasizes that contracted vendors can deliver oxygen to alternate care facilities in disaster areas, in the form of concentrators, gas cylinders, or liquid oxygen.

January 2013
By: Thomas C. Blakeman, Richard D. Branson
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Oxygen is an Essential Medicine: A Call for International Action

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | As highlighted in this article in the International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, the cost-effectiveness of an oxygen systems strategy compares favorably with other higher profile child survival interventions.

November 2010
By: Trevor Duke, Stephen Graham, Meena Cherian, Amy Sarah Ginsburg, Mike English, Stephen Howie, David Peel, Penny Enarson, Iain H. Wilson, Wilson Were
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Effects of Oxygen Concentrators on Ventilator Oxygen Delivery

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, this study compared inspired oxygen settings of the ventilator/anesthetic machine and actual circuit oxygen levels when using oxygen 99 and 93.

May 2010
By: Les Walker, Merna Bee Raber, Robert Friesen
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Meeting Oxygen Needs in Africa: An Options Analysis from the Gambia

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in Bulletin of the World Health Organization, this study compares oxygen supply options for health facilities in The Gambia and presents a decision-making algorithm for oxygen systems.

October 2009
By: Stephen Howie, Sarah Hill, Augustine Ebonyi, Gautam Krishnan, Ousman Njie, Momodou Sanneh, Mariatou Jallow, Warren Stevens, Kevin Taylor, Martin Weber, Pamela Collier Njai, Mary Tapgun, Tumani Corrah, Kim Mulholland, David Peel, Malick Njie, Philip Hill, Richard A. Adegbola
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Dark Skin Decreases the Accuracy of Pulse Oximeters at Low Oxygen Saturation: The Effects of Oximeter Probe Type and Gender

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | This study in Anesthesia and Analgesia looks at the relationship between skin pigment and oximeter accuracy in 36 subjects (19 males, 17 females) of a range of skin tones.

December 2007
By: John R. Feiner, John W. Severinghaus, Philip E. Bickler
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Effects of Skin Pigmentation on Pulse Oximeter Accuracy at Low Saturation

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | The study in the journal Anesthesiology showed that the three tested pulse oximeters overestimated arterial oxygen saturation during hypoxia in dark-skinned individuals.

April 2005
By: Philip E. Bickler, John R. Feiner, John W. Severinghaus
Respiratory care equipment
Patient care
Advocacy

Oxygen Concentrators: A Primary Oxygen Supply Source

JOURNAL PUBLICATION | Published in the Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, this article reviews ten years experience with oxygen concentrators (OCs) in Canada used as a primary hospital oxygen supply.

December 1999
By: Robert Friesen, Merna Bee Raber, D H Reimer
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Advocacy

Health Technology Assessment Methodologies for Developing Countries

TOOL | Published by the Pan American Health Organization, this document discusses the role of health technology assessment in improving healthcare efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness in developing countries.

January 1989
By: Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
Oxygen ecosystem planning
Respiratory care equipment
Access to Oxygen Resource Library
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